Physics – Condensed Matter – Statistical Mechanics
Scientific paper
2007-10-19
J Stat Phys (2008) 133: 617--637
Physics
Condensed Matter
Statistical Mechanics
Major revision. Fig.10 was added. Version to appear in Journal of Statistical Physics
Scientific paper
10.1007/s10955-008-9618-8
We discuss the transient and steady state fluctuation relation for a mechanical system in contact with two deterministic thermostats at different temperatures. The system is a modified Lorentz gas in which the fixed scatterers exchange energy with the gas of particles, and the thermostats are modelled by two Nos\'e-Hoover thermostats applied at the boundaries of the system. The transient fluctuation relation, which holds only for a precise choice of the initial ensemble, is verified at all times, as expected. Times longer than the mesoscopic scale, needed for local equilibrium to be settled, are required if a different initial ensemble is considered. This shows how the transient fluctuation relation asymptotically leads to the steady state relation when, as explicitly checked in our systems, the condition found in [D.J. Searles, {\em et al.}, J. Stat. Phys. 128, 1337 (2007)], for the validity of the steady state fluctuation relation, is verified. For the steady state fluctuations of the phase space contraction rate $\zL$ and of the dissipation function $\zW$, a similar relaxation regime at shorter averaging times is found. The quantity $\zW$ satisfies with good accuracy the fluctuation relation for times larger than the mesoscopic time scale; the quantity $\zL$ appears to begin a monotonic convergence after such times. This is consistent with the fact that $\zW$ and $\zL$ differ by a total time derivative, and that the tails of the probability distribution function of $\zL$ are Gaussian.
Mejia-Monasterio Carlos
Rondoni Lamberto
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