Bose-Einstein condensation with internal degrees of freedom in alkali atom gases

Details Bose-Einstein condensation with internal degrees of freedom in alkali atom gases Bose-Einstein condensation with internal degrees of freedom in alkali atom gases

1998-03-13

arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/9803160v1

J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 67, 1822 (1998).

Physics

Condensed Matter

4 pages, 1 eps figure

Scientific paper

10.1143/JPSJ.67.1822

The Bogoliubov theory is extended to a Bose-Einstein condensation with internal degrees of freedom, realized recently in $^{23}$Na gases where several hyperfine states are simultaneously cooled optically. Starting with a Hamiltonian constructed from general gauge and spin rotation symmetry principles fundamental equations for condensate are derived. The ground state where time reversal symmetry is broken in some case and low-lying collective modes, e.g. spin and density wave modes, are discussed. Novel vortex as a topological defect can be created experimentally.

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