Topological Vortex Formation in BEC under Gravitational Field

Details Topological Vortex Formation in BEC under Gravitational Field Topological Vortex Formation in BEC under Gravitational Field

2004-05-17

arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0405354v2

Phys. Rev. A 70, 043605 (2004)

Physics

Condensed Matter

Soft Condensed Matter

7 pages, 3 figures submitted to PRA

Scientific paper

10.1103/PhysRevA.70.043605

Topological phase imprinting is a unique technique for vortex formation in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of alkali metal gas, in that it does not involve rotation: BEC is trapped in a quadrupole field with a uniform bias field which is reversed adiabatically leading to vortex formation at the center of the magnetic trap. The scenario has been experimentally verified by MIT group employing $^{23}$Na atoms. Recently similar experiments have been conducted at Kyoto University, in which BEC of $^{87}$Rb atoms has been used. In the latter experiments they found that the fine-tuning of the field reverse time $T_{\rm rev}$ is required to achieve stable vortex formation. Otherwise, they often observed vortex fragmentations or a condensate without a vortex. It is shown in this paper that this behavior is attributed to the heavy mass of the Rb atom. The confining potential, which depends on the eigenvalue $m_B$ of the hyperfine spin $\bv{F}$ along the magnetic field, is now shifted by the gravitational field perpendicular to the vortex line. Then the positions of two weak-field-seeking states with $m_B=1$ and 2 deviate from each other. This effect is more prominent for BEC with a heavy atomic mass, for which the deviation is greater and, moreover, the Thomas-Fermi radius is smaller. We found, by solving the Gross-Pitaevskii equation numerically, that two condensates interact in a very complicated way leading to fragmentation of vortices, unless $T_{\rm rev}$ is properly tuned.

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