Negative specific heat in self-gravitating N -body systems enclosed in a spherical container with reflecting walls

Details Negative specific heat in self-gravitating N -body systems enclosed in a spherical container with reflecting walls Negative specific heat in self-gravitating N -body systems enclosed in a spherical container with reflecting walls

Oct 2009

adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=2009phrve..80d1107k&link_type=abstract

Physical Review E, vol. 80, Issue 4, id. 041107

Physics

Condensed Matter

Statistical Mechanics

4

Classical Statistical Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Few- And Many-Body Systems, Thermodynamic Processes, Conduction, Convection, Equations Of State

Scientific paper

Gravity-dominated systems have a negative specific heat. We investigate the negative specific heat of self-gravitating systems enclosed in a spherical container with reflecting walls by means of N -body simulations. To simulate nonequilibrium processes, a particle reflected at a nonadiabatic wall is cooled to mimic energy loss by reflecting walls, while an adiabatic wall is employed for microcanonical ensembles. We show that a negative specific heat occurs not only in the microcanonical ensemble but also in certain nonequilibrium processes with the nonadiabatic wall. With increasing cooling rates, the dependence of temperature T̂ on energy ɛ , i.e., the ɛ-T̂ curve, gradually deviates from the microcanonical ensemble and approaches a certain common curve at a low-energy region. The common curve agrees with an ɛ-T̂ curve for stellar polytropes, especially for the polytrope index of ñ5 . We show that the stellar polytrope should be related to the present nonequilibrium process appearing in the self-gravitating system with the nonadiabatic wall. In the nonequilibrium process, a rapid change in velocity at the nonadiabatic wall significantly affects the velocity and density profiles. In particular, the greater the cooling rate, the greater the local velocity gradient at a low-energy region.

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