Physics – Condensed Matter – Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Scientific paper
2001-01-02
Physics Reports, 345, 61 (2001).
Physics
Condensed Matter
Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
149 pages Latex, 35 figures, to appear in Physics Reports (2001)
Scientific paper
10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00099-5
We review recent experimental and theoretical work on ultrasmall metallic grains, i.e. grains sufficiently small that the conduction electron energy spectrum becomes discrete. The discrete excitation spectrum of an individual grain can be measured by the technique of single-electron tunneling spectroscopy: the spectrum is extracted from the current-voltage characteristics of a single-electron transistor containing the grain as central island. We review experiments studying the influence on the discrete spectrum of superconductivity, nonequilibrium excitations, spin-orbit scattering and ferromagnetism. We also review the theoretical descriptions of these phenomena in ultrasmall grains, which require modifications or extensions of the standard bulk theories to include the effects of level discreteness.
Delft Jan von
Ralph Daniel C.
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