Physics – Condensed Matter – Materials Science
Scientific paper
2007-11-15
Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 082502 (2008)
Physics
Condensed Matter
Materials Science
4 pages, 4 figures
Scientific paper
10.1063/1.2885080
By means of photoemission and x-ray absorption spectroscopy, we have studied the electronic structure of (Ni,Zn,Fe,Ti)$_{3}$O$_{4}$ thin films, which exhibits a cluster glass behavior with a spin-freezing temperature $T_f$ of $\sim 230$ K and photo-induced magnetization (PIM) below $T_f$. The Ni and Zn ions were found to be in the divalent states. Most of the Fe and Ti ions in the thin films were trivalent (Fe$^{3+}$) and tetravalent (Ti$^{4+}$), respectively. While Ti doping did not affect the valence states of the Ni and Zn ions, a small amount of Fe$^{2+}$ ions increased with Ti concentration, consistent with the proposed charge-transfer mechanism of PIM.
Fujimori Atsushi
Fujimori S.-I.
Kawai Takahiro
Kobayashi Mari
Okane Testuo
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