Physics – Condensed Matter – Soft Condensed Matter
Scientific paper
2004-11-06
Physics
Condensed Matter
Soft Condensed Matter
to be published in J. Phys: Condensed Matter special issue on Granular Media
Scientific paper
10.1088/0953-8984/17/24/022
We review some models of granular materials fluidized by means of external forces such as: random homogeneous forcing with damping, vibrating plates, flow in an inclined channel and flow in a double well potential. All these systems show the presence of density correlations and non-Gaussian velocity distributions. These models are useful to understand the role of a kinetically defined ``temperature'' (in this case the so-called {\em granular temperature}) in a non-equilibrium stationary state. In the homogeneously randomly driven gas the granular temperature is {\em different} from that of the driving bath. Moreover two different granular materials mixed together may stay in a stationary state with different temperatures. At the same time, granular temperature determines (as in equilibrium systems) the escape time from a well in a double well potential.
Cecconi Fabio
Puglisi Andrea
Vulpiani Angelo
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