Mechanisms for slow strengthening in granular materials

Details Mechanisms for slow strengthening in granular materials Mechanisms for slow strengthening in granular materials

1999-09-22

arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/9909330v1

Physics

Condensed Matter

Soft Condensed Matter

21 pages, 11 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. E

Scientific paper

10.1103/PhysRevE.61.4060

Several mechanisms cause a granular material to strengthen over time at low applied stress. The strength is determined from the maximum frictional force F_max experienced by a shearing plate in contact with wet or dry granular material after the layer has been at rest for a waiting time \tau. The layer strength increases roughly logarithmically with \tau -only- if a shear stress is applied during the waiting time. The mechanisms of strengthening are investigated by sensitive displacement measurements and by imaging of particle motion in the shear zone. Granular matter can strengthen due to a slow shift in the particle arrangement under shear stress. Humidity also leads to strengthening, but is found not to be its sole cause. In addition to these time dependent effects, the static friction coefficient can also be increased by compaction of the granular material under some circumstances, and by cycling of the applied shear stress.

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