Physics – Condensed Matter – Superconductivity
Scientific paper
2003-12-16
Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 056804 (2004)
Physics
Condensed Matter
Superconductivity
4 pages, 4 figures, added Ref. [6] + minor corrections
Scientific paper
10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.056804
We demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally two limiting factors in cooling electrons using biased tunnel junctions to extract heat from a normal metal into a superconductor. Firstly, when the injection rate of electrons exceeds the internal relaxation rate in the metal to be cooled, the electrons do no more obey the Fermi-Dirac distribution, and the concept of temperature cannot be applied as such. Secondly, at low bath temperatures, states within the gap induce anomalous heating and yield a theoretical limit of the achievable minimum temperature.
Flyktman J. T.
Giazotto Francesco
Heikkila Tero T.
Hekking Frank W. J.
Pekola Jukka P.
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