Klein tunneling in graphene: optics with massless electrons

Details Klein tunneling in graphene: optics with massless electrons Klein tunneling in graphene: optics with massless electrons

2011-04-29

arxiv.org/abs/1104.5632v3

Eur. Phys. J. B 83, 301-317 (2011)

Physics

Condensed Matter

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics

short review article, 18 pages, 14 figures; v3: references added, several figures slightly modified

Scientific paper

10.1140/epjb/e2011-20351-3

This article provides a pedagogical review on Klein tunneling in graphene, i.e. the peculiar tunneling properties of two-dimensional massless Dirac electrons. We consider two simple situations in detail: a massless Dirac electron incident either on a potential step or on a potential barrier and use elementary quantum wave mechanics to obtain the transmission probability. We emphasize the connection to related phenomena in optics, such as the Snell-Descartes law of refraction, total internal reflection, Fabry-P\'erot resonances, negative refraction index materials (the so called meta-materials), etc. We also stress that Klein tunneling is not a genuine quantum tunneling effect as it does not necessarily involve passing through a classically forbidden region via evanescent waves. A crucial role in Klein tunneling is played by the conservation of (sublattice) pseudo-spin, which is discussed in detail. A major consequence is the absence of backscattering at normal incidence, of which we give a new shorten proof. The current experimental status is also thoroughly reviewed. The appendix contains the discussion of a one-dimensional toy model that clearly illustrates the difference in Klein tunneling between mono- and bi-layer graphene.

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