Physics – Condensed Matter – Strongly Correlated Electrons
Scientific paper
2007-10-30
Phys. Status Solidi B 246, 283--288 (2009)
Physics
Condensed Matter
Strongly Correlated Electrons
minor corrections and extended discussion, as published
Scientific paper
10.1002/pssb.200880349
Using a quantum-kinetic many-body approach, exact results for the interacting system of field and matter in a specified geometry are presented. It is shown that both the spectral function of photons and the field fluctuations split up into vacuum- and medium-induced contributions, for which explicit expressions are derived. Using Poynting's theorem, the incoherent emission is analyzed and related to the coherent absorption as may be measured in a linear transmission-reflection experiment. Their ratio defines the medium-induced population of the modes of the transverse electromagnetic field and so generalizes Planck's law to an arbitrarily absorbing and dispersing medium in a nonequilibrium steady state. For quasi-equilibrium, this population develops into a Bose distribution whose chemical potential marks the crossover from absorption to gain and, also, characterizes the degree of excitation. Macroscopic quantum phenomena such as lasing and quantum condensation are discussed on this footing.
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