Physics – Condensed Matter – Materials Science
Scientific paper
2011-09-22
Physics
Condensed Matter
Materials Science
26 pages, 12 figures, To appear in Proceedings of the Nobel Symposium on Graphene
Scientific paper
Electromagnetic field (EMF) is the most fundamental field in condensed-matter physics. Interaction between electrons, electron-ion interaction, and ion-ion interaction are all of the electromagnetic origin, while the other 3 fundamental forces, i.e., gravitational force, weak and strong interactions are irrelevant in the energy/length scales of condensed-matter physics. Also the physical properties of condensed-matters such as transport, optical, magnetic and dielectric properties, are almost described as their electromagnetic responses. In addition to this EMF in the low energy sector, it often happens that the gauge fields appear as the emergent phenomenon due to the projection of the electronic wavefunctions onto the curved manifold of the Hilbert sub-space. These emergent electromagnetic fields (EEMF's) play important roles in many places in condensed-matter physics including the quantum Hall effect, strongly correlated electrons, and also in non-interacting electron systems. In this article, we describe its fundamental idea and some of the applications recently studied.
Nagaosa Naoto
Tokura Yoshinori
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