Physics – Condensed Matter – Quantum Gases
Scientific paper
2011-12-18
Physics
Condensed Matter
Quantum Gases
4 pages, 3 figures (supplementary material 3 pages, 3 figures). Several corrections and updates in v2
Scientific paper
We report direct observation of collective quantum fluctuations of the density in ultracold atomic 1D clouds with weak repulsive interactions. Shot-to-shot atom number fluctuations in small gas sub-volumes are studied using \textit{in situ} absorption imaging and statistical analysis of the density profiles. In the cloud centers, well in the quantum quasicondensate regime, the ratio of chemical potential to thermal energy is $\mu/ k_B T\simeq4$, and, owing to high resolution, up to 20% of the microscopically observed fluctuations are quantum phonons. Moreover, varying the observation length, we observe a clear deviation from a classical field prediction, which reveals the emergence of dominant quantum fluctuations at short observation lengths, as the thermodynamic limit breaks down.
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