Thermodynamics and small quantum systems

Details Thermodynamics and small quantum systems Thermodynamics and small quantum systems

2003-11-25

arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0311582v1

J. Mod Optic 50 (15-17): 2433-2441 Oct-Nov 2003

Physics

Condensed Matter

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics

Invited talk at `Physics of Quantum Electronics 33', Snowbird, January 2003. 13 pages, 2 figures

Scientific paper

Small quantum systems non-weakly coupled to a bath become in the quantum regime surrounded by a cloud of photons or phonons, which modifies their thermodynamic behavior. Exactly solvable examples are the Brownian motion of a quantum particle in a harmonic confining potential and coupled to a harmonic quantum thermal bath, e.g. an ion in a Penning trap, and a spin immersed in a bosonic bath, as occurs in NMR physics. It appears that the Clausius inequality $\dbarrm Q\le T\d S$ can be violated. For non-adiabatic changes of system parameters the rate of energy dissipation can be negative, and, out of equilibrium, cyclic processes are possible which extract work from the bath. Experimental setups for testing some of the effects are discussed.

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