The theory of VLF Doppler signatures and their relation to magnetospheric density structure

Physics

Scientific paper

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Doppler Effect, Earth Magnetosphere, Electron Density (Concentration), Signal Transmission, Magnetic Disturbances, Magnetic Field Configurations, Ray Tracing, Spectral Signatures, Very Low Frequencies

Scientific paper

When signals from a ground-based VLF transmitter travel through the magnetosphere and arrive at a low-altitude satellite in the conjugate hemisphere, they may undergo a spectral distortion due to Doppler shift by the satellite velocity. The paper presents a VLF ray tracing study of published VLF Doppler data samples. It is shown that the density structure of the plasmasphere leaves its imprint or signature in the observed Doppler shift pattern. Large positive and negative Doppler shifts (about 100 Hz) are reproduced by a strong decreasing electron density gradient interacting with the magnetic field curvature gradient between L roughly 2 and L roughly 3. VLF Doppler signatures can detect whether short-scale gradients dominate the density structure or merely perturb the long-scale gradient. The ray path calculations also allow one to map the signals observed by the satellite back to their excitation point in the lower ionosphere and thus estimate the effective transmitter coverage in the excitation hemisphere.

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