Growth of deformation bands into echelon and ladder geometries

Physics

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Structural Geology: Fractures And Faults, Structural Geology: Mechanics, Structural Geology: Mesoscopic Fabrics, Tectonophysics: Continental Tectonics-General (0905), Tectonophysics: Rheology-Crust And Lithosphere

Scientific paper

We investigate the growth of cataclastic deformation bands in porous sandstone into Riedel, ladder, and ``radiator rock'' arrays. New field observations and mechanical modeling of DB growth using the distortional strain energy density criterion demonstrate that the physical control of these geometries is a contractional (mode-II) stepover between two echelon bands. Propagation of bands under pre-peak conditions, before Coulomb frictional sliding (faulting) begins, is not impeded by the echelon stepover geometry (as it is for brittle fractures under peak stress); continued in-plane growth of echelon bands creates ladders from stepovers. Successive addition of stepovers/ladders along their shearing direction produces Riedel geometries, whereas addition normal to strike produces radiator rock (the damage zone) as a consequence of strain hardening of bands and linked stepovers. The new framework has implications for fluid flow in groundwater aquifers, hydrothermal and precious metals systems, and petroleum fields.

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