How do cosmic rays change their energy in the solar wind?

Physics

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Boltzmann Transport Equation, Cosmic Rays, Particle Energy, Plasma-Particle Interactions, Solar Wind, Amplitude Modulation, Convective Flow, Magnetohydrodynamic Flow, Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering, Particle Diffusion, Scatter Propagation, Solar Wind Velocity

Scientific paper

The diffusion-convection (modulation) equation is derived directly from the Boltzmann equation on the basis of a minimum number of assumptions concerning the scattering process, among which are: (1) that the scattered particles undergo no energy change, and (2) that isotropy is an equilibrium state. It is noted that, in the event that the background plasma contains a magnetic field and the flow speeds of the plasma and scattering centers are different, additional terms arise that will modify the equations. If, moreover, the scatterers have individual motions relative to their average flow, the second-order Fermi acceleration term will appear.

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