Physics – High Energy Physics – High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Scientific paper
2002-12-11
Mod.Phys.Lett. B16 (2002) 1201
Physics
High Energy Physics
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
LaTeX 12 Pages and 2 *.eps Figures
Scientific paper
10.1142/S0217984902004834
It is observed that the ``ghost'' (originally discovered by Landau in quantum electro-dynamics) and its counterparts in other theories are indeed ubiquitous as they occur in a one-loop approximation to any conventional (unbroken) gauge theory. The mechanism is first exposed in its generality via the Dyson equation and a simple but explicit example in condensed matter is provided through the static Clausius-Mossotti and its dynamic counterpart the Lorenz-Lorentz equation. The physical phase transition phenomenon associated with it is found to be super-radiance. We verify quantitatively that water (and many other polar liquids) are indeed super-radiant at room temperature. In quantum chromo-dynamics on the other hand, we encounter, thanks to asymptotic freedom, an ``anti-ghost'' which is closely associated with color confinement. Thus, in QCD, free quarks and glue exist in a super-radiant phase and hadronic matter in the normal one.
Sivasubramanian Sivaramakrishnan
Srivastava Yogendra N.
Widom Allan
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