Physics – High Energy Physics – High Energy Physics - Theory
Scientific paper
2003-02-25
Phys.Rev. D68 (2003) 065003
Physics
High Energy Physics
High Energy Physics - Theory
22 pages, RevTeX4. Homepage http://dao.mit.edu/~wen
Scientific paper
10.1103/PhysRevD.68.065003
Recently, it was pointed out that quantum orders and the associated projective symmetry groups can produce and protect massless gauge bosons and massless fermions in local bosonic models. In this paper, we demonstrate that a state with such kind of quantum orders can be viewed as a string-net condensed state. The emerging gauge bosons and fermions in local bosonic models can be regarded as a direct consequence of string-net condensation. The gauge bosons are fluctuations of nets of large closed strings which are condensed in the ground state. The ends of condensed open strings are the charged particles of the corresponding gauge field. For certain types of strings, the ends of strings can even be fermions. According to the string-net picture, fermions always carry gauge charges. This suggests the existence of a new discrete gauge field that couples to neutrinos and neutrons. We also discuss how chiral symmetry that protects massless Dirac fermions can emerge from the projective symmetry of quantum order.
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