A theory for the solar type-I radio continuum

Physics

Scientific paper

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Continuous Spectra, Electrostatic Waves, Radio Spectra, Solar Radio Bursts, Solar Spectra, Brightness Temperature, Gyrofrequency, Solar Electrons, Solar Protons, Trapped Particles

Scientific paper

The type-I radio continuum may arise from the combination of two electrostatic waves, both directed nearly normal to the magnetic field. One wave, near the upper-hybrid frequency, is generated by gyroresonance with superthermal electrons and comes into equilibrium with these electrons. The other wave, at the lower-hybrid frequency, is generated by the loss-cone instability of trapped superthermal protons in those wave directions for which the lower-hybrid frequency is an exact multiple of the proton gyrofrequency. The brightness temperature of the continuum indicates both the energy of the superthermal electrons and the existence of at least a small number of superthermal protons.

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