Three-Dimensional MHD Simulation of an Emerging Flux Tube in the Sun

Physics

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Scientific paper

We present the results of three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of a magnetic flux tube emerging through the solar photosphere. The simulation is initialized with a straight tube of twisted magnetic field located in the upper convection zone. Buoyancy effects drive an arched segment of the tube upward through the photospheric layer and into the corona. Matter drains from the coronal field which thereafter undergoes a rapid dynamical expansion. The coronal magnetic field formed in this manner exhibits outer poloidal field lines resembling a potential arcade, and inner toroidal field lines, which emerge after the tube axis, forming sigmoid structure. The simulations suggest that neutral-line shear and sigmoidal field arise as a natural by-product of flux emergence. We discuss several basic properties of sigmoidal emerging flux tubes, such as i) flattening of the cross section of tube at a photospheric boundary, ii) strong downflows along emerged magnetic loops, iii) sigmoid structure of emerged field lines, iv) footpoint heating, and v) alpha distribution in the lower atmosphere.

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