Modeling the granular surface and interior of small bodies using the Soft-Sphere Discrete Element Method: implementation in the N-body code pkdgrav and tests

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Scientific paper

We have begun a project aimed at understanding the dynamics of granular materials that are present on the surfaces of most solid bodies of the Solar System, which will help to interpret spacecraft images and design efficient tools to interact with those surfaces. Here we present an implementation of the Soft- Sphere Discrete Element Method (SSDEM) into the parallel N-body code pkdgrav [6]. SSDEM is a collisional model based around the idea of allowing particle surfaces to mutually penetrate [2]. The penetration represents the physical deformation that occurs when real-world bodies collide. When an overlap occurs, the particles in the simulation are subject to forces designed to mimic the response from real-world bodies to such compressive and shear stresses. Here, we describe our treatment of soft-sphere interactions and some preliminary tests.

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