Long-term relationships between sunspots, solar faculae and the ionosphere

Physics

Scientific paper

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Faculae, Ionospheric Disturbances, Solar Terrestrial Interactions, Sunspots, Critical Frequencies, F 2 Region, Regression Analysis, Secular Variations

Scientific paper

The relationship between the ionospheric critical frequencies and the sunspot numbers is shown to have changed significantly on a secular time scale. Since 1933, the critical frequency of the F2-layer corresponding to a fixed sunspot number has varied in such a way, that the lowest values occurred around 1955, when the frequencies were about 1 MHz less than they had been 15 years earlier. Corresponding effects are found to occur in the E-layer, and in both hemispheres as well. Solar data covering several decades show that the varying relationship between the critical frequencies and the sunspot numbers is not caused by a failure of the sunspot numbers to represent solar activity correctly; rather, much of the solar ionizing flux is associated with photospheric faculae and experiences a time-variation linked to the total facular area. In the long-term average, the ionizing flux associated with a given facular area is 15-20% of that associated with the same area of sunspots.

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