Impact of widely used approximations to the G0W0 method: an all-electron perspective

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Focusing on the fundamental band gaps in Si, diamond, BN, LiF, AlP, NaCl, CaSe and GaAs, and the semicore d-state binding energies in ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdS, CdSe, CdTe and GaN, we study the differences between the all-electron (AE) and the pseudopotential (PP)-based G0W0 method. Leaving aside issues related to the choice of PPs within PP-G0W0, we analyze in detail the well-known discrepancies between AE-G0W0 and PP-G0W0 band gaps by separately addressing the approximations underlying PP-G0W0, i.e. the frozen-core approximation, the core-valence partitioning and the use of pseudo-wavefunctions. The largest differences, of the order of eV, appear in the exchange part of the self-energy and the exchange-correlation potential due to the core-valence partitioning. These differences cancel each other and, in doing so, make the final core-valence partitioning effect on the band gaps controllable when the semicore states are treated as valence states. This cancelation, however, is incomplete for semicore d-state binding energies, due to the strong interaction between these semicore states and the deep core. From our comprehensive analysis, we conclude that reliably describing the many-body interactions at the G0W0 level and providing benchmark results require an AE treatment.

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