Physics
Scientific paper
Mar 1986
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1986ijtp...25..293a&link_type=abstract
International Journal of Theoretical Physics, Volume 25, Issue 3, pp.293-317
Physics
5
Scientific paper
It is shown that a Universe with a time-varying gravitational “constant” G necessarily implies creation if the rest mass of matter particles m p is constant. In this case, from Einstein's field equations, the conditions for energy-momentum propagation are ∇ ·( GT μ v ) from which matter and photon propagation equations are derived. Free matter particle propagation is not affected by creation that is given by GN pmp=const, where N p is the number of matter particles within a proper volume. This relation introduces explicitly the rest mass of the Universe into the field equations. Free photon propagation is affected by creation that is given by GT λ v R=const, where N λ is the number of photons within a proper volume, which is the cosmic red shift law. Conservation of the cosmic background photon distribution determines photon creation as G 3 N {λ/4}. The results are applied to the case G ⩜ t -1 equivalent to N p ÷ t. It is found that at an age t=1, 0-40 t o, of the order light takes to travel a proton size, Planck's units become of the order of the proton's mass m p, size r p, and time r p/c. Hence, matter particles at this age are quantum black holes. Evaporation of these quantum black holes at this age gives a background blackbody radiation that, red shifted to present time t 0, gives the present cosmic microwave background. A cosmological model of the Friedmann type is constructed. The red shift versus distance relation is derived taking into account creation. Using a Hubble's constant H obs=50 km sec-1 Mpc-1 and a deceleration parameter q obs=1.0 the model is of the type k=1 and gives a present age t 0=6.81×109 yr, consistent with Uranium model ages. Thus, the three results for the age of the Universe, i.e., radioactive decay, Hubble's constant, and stellar evolution are brought together in this creation model. The matter-dominated era occurs for t>7.6×10-3 t 0, while the radiation-dominated era occurs for 7.6×10-3 t o> t>10-40 t o. The origin of the Universe is placed at this last limit, which is Planck's time at the corresponding G, consisting of quantum black holes at a temperature Ti≃=3×1011K.
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