The origin of cosmic rays /past, present, future/

Physics – Nuclear Physics

Scientific paper

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Astrophysics, Cosmic Rays, Cosmology, Milky Way Galaxy, Radiation Sources, Supernovae, Astronomical Models, Beryllium 10, Halos, Nuclei (Nuclear Physics), Radio Astronomy, Radioactive Isotopes

Scientific paper

The history of cosmic-ray studies and the development of high-energy astrophysics are reviewed. The cosmic-ray energy in galaxies and radio galaxies is estimated, and the origin of the primary cosmic rays observed on earth is considered. A model for the origin of cosmic rays is described in which the rays are produced in the Galaxy mainly by supernovae and are trapped in a quasi-steady manner in a quasi-spherical galactic halo. Alternative (extragalactic) models are briefly examined, several variants of the galactic model are assessed, and the existence of a galactic radio halo is discussed. Evidence for radio halos in the galaxies NGC 4631 and 891 is cited. Disk models are evaluated, problems involved in determining the chemical composition and amounts of cosmic rays are noted, and it is suggested that the halo model has already practically been verified, although the parameters of the radio and cosmic-ray halos can still be improved. Radio-astronomical observations are summarized which indicate that supernovae do in fact produce relativistic electrons and could well be the source of at least the electron cosmic-ray component.

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