Physics – General Physics
Scientific paper
2008-06-06
Physics
General Physics
48 pages, 19 figures, 8 tables
Scientific paper
The fine structure constant alpha ~ 1/137 appears as a lifetime scaling factor for the 36 metastable (t > 10^-21 sec) elementary particles -- 34 hadrons and the mu and tau leptons. The hadrons divide into 24 long-lived unpaired-quark (UQ) and 3 short-lived paired-quark (PQ) ground states (the lowest-mass states for each u, d, s, c, b quark flavor combination), plus 7 excited states. The lifetime ratios include six factors of alpha, six factors of alpha^4, and one factor of alpha^3 (the leptons). This experimental lifetime alpha-quantization has seven salient features, where (1)-(3) show powers of alpha and (4)-(7) show smaller scaling effects): (1) A low-mass (m < 1 Gev) particle alpha-chain of linked alpha and alpha^4 lifetime ratios that extends from the neutron to the eta' meson and spans 11 powers of alpha. (2) Four unpaired-quark lifetime clusters (UQ)(pi, s, b, c) that contain 23 ground states which are sorted by the quark priorities c > b > s. (3) Four paired-quark clusters (PQ)(pi, s, b, c), and four alpha^4 pairing gaps between the fast PQ decays (which conserve flavor) and the slow UQ decays (which do not). (4) IR integer-ratio scaling inside UQ clusters, with integer lifetime ratios of 2, 3, or 4. (5) RP random perturbations that produce ~10% deviations from exact IR scaling. (6) Hadronic BC-scaling, which reflects the empirical BC = t(b)/t(c) ~ 3 lifetime ratios that occur between unpaired b-quark states and corresponding unpaired c-quark states. (7) Leptonic BC-scaling, shown in the lifetime equation (t(tau) x BC) / t(mu) = alpha^3, which is accurate to 2% for BC = 3.0, and which utilizes an alpha^3 scaling factor. The UQ and PQ lifetime clusters clearly reflect their u, d, s, c, b quark substructures
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