The energetics of black holes in electromagnetic fields by the penrose process

Details The energetics of black holes in electromagnetic fields by the penrose process The energetics of black holes in electromagnetic fields by the penrose process

Nov 1989

adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1989phr...183..137w&link_type=abstract

Physics Reports, Volume 183, Issue 4, p. 137-192.

Physics

13

Scientific paper

The main purpose of this article is to present in one place the recent progress in the field of astrophysics of rotating black holes in electromagnetic fields in connection with the Penrose-type energy extraction processes. Beginning with a brief survey of pre-1983 work, we show, in section 1, that all earlier objections against the astrophysical viability of the Penrose-type energy extraction processes can be circumvented in the presence of electromagnetic fields around rotating black holes.
In this article our main thrust will be on the study of the formal aspects of the Penrose-type energy extraction from black hole-magnetic field systems. To this end, we have discussed in section 2 the motion of charged particles in the combined gravitational and electromagnetic field around a rotating black hole. The electromagnetic field may be peturbative in nature or may act as a source of the gravitational field. For this purpose, we follow the effective potential approach, first developed by Bardeen, to elucidate the occurence of negative energy states in such systems - an essential ingredient of the Penrose mechanism. In relation to these studies, such issues as the co- and counter-rotation of a test particle, the second law of black hole thermodynamics, etc., are discussed in detail.
In section 3, we develop a general formalism for the Penrose mechanism. Such an approach is expected form a basis for the limited goal of understanding discrete particle accretion onto a black hole. The main purpose here is to identify parameters of the Penrose particles which are needed to be specified before going over to the discrete particle scenario. With this as a goal, use has been made of the constraints on particle parameters arising from the applications of various conservation principles to the Penrose particle. Section 4 is devoted to the study of special electromagnetic fields around rotating black holes like uniform and dipole magnetic fields. The astrophysical situations in which the Penrose mechanisms could be important are the subject of section 5. We briefly discuss the presently accepted accretion-disk models and discuss the relevance of Penrose-type processes for such models. We end this review with the discussion of some unsolved issues in this area.

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