The atmosphere of a sunspot based on observations in the X-ray, extreme ultraviolet, optical, and radio ranges

Astronomy and Astrophysics – Astronomy

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Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation, Solar Atmosphere, Solar Radio Emission, Solar Temperature, Solar X-Rays, Sunspots, Chromosphere, Photosphere, Radiant Flux Density, Solar Corona, Temperature Distribution, Umbras, Visible Spectrum

Scientific paper

A model of the solar atmosphere above a sunspot umbra is developed on the basis of published X-ray, EUV, optical, and radio observations, summarizing the findings of working conferences held at Wroclaw in November-December 1979 (Bromboszcz et al. 1981) and at Ondrejov in September-October 1981 (Bromboszcz et al., 1982). A lower-chromosphere model like that of Teplitskaya et al. (1977 and 1978) is extended upward by applying a strong temperature gradient, with T = 40,000 K and n(e) = 4 x 10 to the 10th/cu cm at z = 2000 km above the umbral chromosphere. At z = 3000-5000 km, cool loops with T = (1-100) x 10 to the 4th k are surrounded by hot (1.8 x 10 to the 6th K) coronal matter with a narrow transition layer and n(e) = 5 x 10 to the 8th/cu cm which occupies 0.8-0.9 of the total volume.

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