Solar flares

Physics

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Energy Transfer, Particle Acceleration, Solar Atmosphere, Solar Flares, Thermal Radiation, Energy Dissipation, Magnetic Field Configurations, Magnetohydrodynamic Stability, Nonthermal Radiation, Solar Corona, Solar Magnetic Field, Solar Radio Bursts

Scientific paper

The current observational and theoretical problem of the intense and complex release of energy in large solar flares is reviewed. Observations of thermal radiation at temperatures below and above 100,000 K and of nonthermal radiation and particles including flare gamma rays, interplanetary Langmuir waves, soft and hard X rays and radio bursts are presented. Theories of primary energy release mechanisms are discussed in terms of magnetic configurations, plasma instabilities and the trigger mechanism and dissipation mechanisms. The secondary redistribution of the primary magnetic energy released through the atmosphere is then considered, taking into account models for the flash and decay phases in cool and hot regimes of the solar atmosphere and in interplanetary space. Interpretations of the hard X-ray data concerning particle acceleration in flares are assessed, and it is argued that the most likely mechanism for accelerating nonrelativistic electrons is stochastic acceleration by resonant interaction with Langmuir waves. Areas in which progress in the theory and observation of solar flares may be expected are also indicated.

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