Scaling functional patterns of skeletal and cardiac muscles: New non-linear elasticity approach

Details Scaling functional patterns of skeletal and cardiac muscles: New non-linear elasticity approach Scaling functional patterns of skeletal and cardiac muscles: New non-linear elasticity approach

2009-09-08

arxiv.org/abs/0909.1444v1

Physics

Biological Physics

30 pages, 6 figures, 46 references. Submitted to Physica D

Scientific paper

Responding mechanically to environmental requests, muscles show a surprisingly large variety of functions. The studies of in vivo cycling muscles qualified skeletal muscles into four principal locomotor patterns: motor, brake, strut, and spring. While much effort of has been done in searching for muscle design patterns, no fundamental concepts underlying empirically established patterns were revealed. In this interdisciplinary study, continuum mechanics is applied to the problem of muscle structure in relation to function. The ability of a powering muscle, treated as a homogenous solid organ, tuned to efficient locomotion via the natural frequency is illuminated through the non-linear elastic muscle moduli controlled by contraction velocity. The exploration of the elastic force patterns known in solid state physics incorporated in activated skeletal and cardiac muscles via the mechanical similarity principle yields analytical rationalization for locomotor muscle patterns. Besides the explanation of the origin of muscle allometric exponents observed for muscles in legs of running animals and wings of flying birds, the striated muscles are patterned through primary and secondary activities expected to be useful in designing of artificial muscles and modeling living and extinct animals.

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