Physics – High Energy Physics – High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Scientific paper
2007-07-31
AIP Conf.Proc.904:1-22,2007
Physics
High Energy Physics
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Scientific paper
10.1063/1.2734399
In this article we address the physical basis of the deviation of hadron shapes from spherical symmetry (non-spherical amplitudes) with focus on the nucleon and $\Delta$. An overview of both the experimental methods and results and the current theoretical understanding of the issue is presented. At the present time the most quantitative method is the $\gamma^{*} p \to \Delta$ reaction for which significant non-spherical electric (E2) and Coulomb quadrupole (C2) amplitudes have been observed with good precision as a function of Q^{2} from the photon point through 6 GeV^{2}. Quark model calculations for these quadrupole amplitudes are at least an order of magnitude too small and even have the wrong sign. Lattice QCD, chiral effective field theory, and dynamic model calculations which include the effects of the pion-cloud are in approximate agreement with experiment. This is expected due to the spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry in QCD and the resulting, long range (low Q^{2}) effects of the pion-cloud. Other observables such as nucleon form factors and virtual Compton scattering experiments indicate that the pion-cloud is playing a significant role in nucleon structure. Semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering experiments with transverse polarized beam and target also show the effect of non-zero quark angular momentum.
Bernstein Aron M.
Papanicolas C. N.
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