Physics
Scientific paper
Dec 1922
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1922phrv...20..728h&link_type=abstract
Physical Review, vol. 20, Issue 6, pp. 728-744
Physics
1
Scientific paper
Influence of Surface Tension on the Efflux of a Liquid Jet.-Christiansen suggested that surface tension exerts a pressure acting against the pressure causing the flow, so that the Torricelli equation becomes: v2=2π2κ4r4g(h- h0). If then κ, the coefficient of effective contraction, is constant, v2 should be a linear function of h, intercepting the h=0 axis at h0. Experiments with mercury and water, in which the speed of efflux was determined down to low values of h, confirm this theory. With cylindrical holes, straight lines were obtained, but with conical holes the relation is curvilinear because of the decrease of the contraction with the speed; yet both types of curve gave the same value of h0. With water, holes through paraffin paper were used. When the speed decreased to a critical value for each jet, pulsations began to appear but these did not affect the speed of efflux. Photographs are given of various jets. As a qualitative confirmation of the theory, ether vapor, which is known to decrease the surface tension of water, was found to decrease h0 by 18 per cent. Jet Method of Measuring Surface Tension.-According to Christiansen the surface tension is equal to rρgh0. The measurements with mercury and water confirmed this relation, as after correcting for the loss of head in the cylindrical hole, the values of the surface tension came out 536 dynes/cm. for Hg at 16° C. and 74 dynes/cm. for water at 10°C., within one per cent. of the accepted values. It is believed the method is capable of higher accuracy, if developed.
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