Nanoflares and the Heating of the Solar Corona

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There is a simmering dispute on the heating of the solar corona. Waves or flares that is the question. New observational signatures of the heating process(es) have been revealed by observations of SoHO TRACE Yohkoh and RHESSI. The evidence for heating in the quiet corona active region loops and the solar wind are different and must be distinguished. Prime indications come from the distribution of temperature and radiation loss in relation to height the correlation of magnetic flux and brightness nanoflares and other fluctuations line broadening and waves. The reported microevents in the quiet regions are about 3 orders of magnitude smaller than microevents reported in active regions. The effects from localized energy release regardless of the energy source must be considered. In particular the reaction of the chromosphere on energy release by evaporation has an important effect on the corona. A further requirement for the heating process is to deposit most of the heat in the low corona but heat the upper corona to even higher temperature. Finally the heating process(es) must be able to account for the coronae of more active stars showing coronal emissions at levels of more than 3 orders of magnitude higher than the Sun

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