Physics
Scientific paper
Oct 2009
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=2009aps..nef.e2005a&link_type=abstract
American Physical Society, Joint Fall 2009 Meeting of the New England Section of the APS and AAPT, October 16-17, 2009, abstract
Physics
Scientific paper
Two errors in the model of the universe result in Dark Matter and Dark Energy. Error one is belief in Newton's law of gravity as a universal law. For motion of groups of galaxies, and rotation of spiral galaxies, the law fails. My simple Theory of Additional Gravity (TAG), an extension of Newton's original law of gravity, fits the cosmic distance observations and in our solar system. My model adds a linear term to Newton's gravitational constant, based upon an equation for forces in spiral galaxies. This theory is different from the MOND theory of Milgrom, which is related to acceleration. We explain tired light. Error two is for Hubble's law, for red shifts as a linear function of distance, and due to the Doppler effect. The galaxies are not receding, the universe is not expanding, and there is no big bang proof. Velocities actually were not directly observed. The age of the universe is wrong. The red shift cannot be used for distance determination because extrapolation of the linear dependence to very large distances would require an unlikely zero and negative photon energy. The difference between the distances of remote galaxies and from red shifts suggested accelerating expansion and the need for Dark energy.
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