“Missing Energy” and “Over-cooling” Problems in Galaxies and Possible Solutions

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The presence of diffuse warm-hot gas in and around normal galaxies with reasonable moderate amounts of star formation and/or large masses has been well established. But, the dynamics as well as the actual physical and chemical states of the gas are still greatly uncertain.On one hand, the energy content of the observed warm-hot gas, as inferred from far-UV and X-ray observations, is far less than the expected supernova (SN) energy input in a typical galaxy. So there is a “missing energy” problem. On the other hand, there is a so-called over-cooling problem in theories and simulations of galaxy formation. A galaxy such as our own is believed to be still accreting from the intergalactic medium, forming a giant hot gaseous halos around galactic disks. The radiative cooling of the gas, if no non-gravitational heating, would lead to the accumulation of too much mass into galactic disks, especially in their central regions, to be consistent with observations. Naturally, one would expect that the cooling might be kind of balanced by the heating of SNe and possibly AGNs. I will review efforts to demonstrate how such a mechanism may work: 1) quantitative comparisons of a 1-D galactic bulge wind model with Chandra and XMM-Newton observations, 2) 3-D simulations of SN-driven galactic winds, 3) 3-D simulations of AGN or SN-induced weak shocks and their dissipation in galactic halos. I'll discuss the role that the warm-hot gas plays in the “eco-system” of galaxies.

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