Microwave synthesizers in space

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Frequency Stability, Frequency Standards, Frequency Synthesizers, Microwave Resonance, Spacecraft Electronic Equipment, Atomic Clocks, Crystal Oscillators, Design Analysis, Electromagnetic Noise, Phase Locked Systems, Telemetry

Scientific paper

An overview of synthesizers used in the space environment including direct and indirect synthesizers is presented. Synthesizers are used in satellites as local oscillators, reference signal generators for phase locked loops, sources for calibration systems, and any other purposes. The design drivers are small size, low weight, high reliability, and low power consumption. The frequency sources are used in redundant configurations to ensure that there are no single point failures. Space synthesizers have many self test telemetry outputs which provide indications of the unit health and operating mode. They operate either directly from the spacecraft primary power bus or from a centralized DC to DC converter whose outputs are semiregulated voltages. The long term frequency stability depends upon the reference source which may or may not be internal to the synthesizer. Atomic frequency standards or quartz crystal oscillators are used depending on mission stability requirements.

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