ISO studies of luminous, early-type stars

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Massive Stars, Circumstellar Matter, Stellar Winds

Scientific paper

We review some of the progress in studies of the winds and dusty nebulae of luminous, massive stars using ISO observations. Stars of the OB, Luminous Blue Variable, and Wolf-Rayet classes are characterized by strong winds in which the infrared continuum and spectral lines add important diagnostic information on the wind structure and chemical abundances. By mapping out the accelerating regions of the wind with combined optical and ISO spectroscopy, the transition in velocity to the supersonic region has been detected and evaluated. Bulk stellar and wind parameters can be estimated from the infrared spectra alone. Estimates of the neon abundances at the surfaces of Wolf-Rayet stars have provided critical tests of massive star nucleosynthesis predictions. Many of these luminous stars are also surrounded by ring nebulae in which thermal emission due to warm dust dominates the mid-infrared energy output, while others are known to form carbon dust in their winds. The ISO observations have given us a view of the chemistry and grain properties of the dust that provide new perspectives on the mass-loss history of these stars. A presence of crystalline silicates has been discovered in some of the nebulae. The silicate chemistry, grain size properties, and nebular kinematics and morphology point to a brief phase of red supergiant conditions for some Luminous Blue Variable stars, in contrast to the observed lack of red supergiants at comparable luminosities.

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