Physics
Scientific paper
Apr 2011
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=2011dda....42.0403b&link_type=abstract
American Astronomical Society, DDA meeting #42, #4.03; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, Vol. 43, 2011
Physics
Scientific paper
Michael Faraday understood magnetism from the patterns of iron filings near bar magnets. He deduced the rule that field lines are in tension. Maxwell's stress tensor adds an additional feature, an isotropic pressure B2/8π . Both Maxwell and Faraday believed that electromagnetic fields are scale-invariant. Expressed in the language of particle physics, they believed that m&sun; = 0. A massive photon adds a scale λo inversely proportional to its mass: λo = h/m&sun; c. For scales larger than λo, the vector potential A dominates the magnetic field B. Lines of A are in negative tension; A supports a negative pressure.
Here we will show how this negative pressure retards the expansion of the universe. After the formation of galaxies, matter becomes too hot to handle and the universe coasts.
We will also discuss the role of the massive photon in binding clusters of galaxies such as the Coma cluster.
1)G.V. Chibisov, Sov. Phys. Usp 19, 624 (1976).
Bartlett David F.
Cumalat John Perry
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