Gauge dependence of calculations in relativistic Coulomb excitation

Details Gauge dependence of calculations in relativistic Coulomb excitation Gauge dependence of calculations in relativistic Coulomb excitation

2004-10-27

arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/0410112v1

Phys.Rev. C71 (2005) 014904

Physics

Nuclear Physics

Nuclear Theory

23 pages, 3 figures

Scientific paper

10.1103/PhysRevC.71.014904

Before a quantum-mechanical calculation involving electromagnetic interactions is performed, a choice must be made of the gauge to be used in expressing the potentials. If the calculation is done exactly, the observable results it predicts will be independent of the choice of gauge. However, in most practical calculations approximations are made, which can destroy the gauge invariance of the predictions. We compare here the results of coupled-channel time-dependent relativistic Coulomb excitation calculations, as performed in either Lorentz or Coulomb gauges. We find significant differences when the bombarding energy per nucleon is $\geq$ 2 GeV, which indicates that the common practice of relying completely on the Lorentz gauge can be dangerous.

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