Other
Scientific paper
Feb 2005
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=2005esasp.563..501f&link_type=abstract
Proceedings of the Fifth European Symposium on Aerothermodynamics for Space Vehicles (ESA SP-563). 8-11 November 2004, Cologne,
Other
Scientific paper
During re-entry high thermal combined with mechanical loads arise at the TPS surface of a re-entry vehicle. Due to low gas density, high Knudsen Numbers arise, which indicate rarefaction effects such as thermo-chemical non-equilibrium as well as temperature and velocity slip. With increasing altitude, local Knudsen Numbers predict the failure of continuum equations starting in the bow shock and at the surface. While local failure of the equations in the shock can be neglected for the determination of surface loads, local failure at the surface is not negligible. The validity of continuum models can be extended by emploing surface boundary equations accounting for temperature and velocity slip. A new flux based model has been developed originating on the Boltzmann Equation. Making use of the Enskog Method perturbed partition functions for a multi-component gas are determined from the Boltzmann Equation. By introduction of the moments of Boltzmann's Equation, Maxwell's Transport Equation can be obtained. Particles approaching the surface are distinguished from particles leaving the surface depending on their molecular velocities. Hence, mass, momentum and energy fluxes to the surface can be determined employing the collisional invariants. Reactive as well as scattering models can be easily introduced in order to compute the fluxes from the surface. Finally, flux differences are balanced with the continuum fluxes from the Navier-Stokes equations. Hence, the model is able to predict temperature and velocity slip at the surface of a re-entry vehicle under rarefied conditions. Moreover, it is valid in the continuum regime as well. The boundary equations are solved fully implicit and fully coupled with the non-equilibrium Navier-Stokes Code URANUS. Results are compared to DSMC simulations for the re-entry of the US Space Shuttle orbiter at high altitudes. Key words: Navier-Stokes; re-entry; slip; non-equilibrium.
Auweter-Kurtz Monika
Fertig M.
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