Equatorial spread-F by electric fields and atmospheric gravity waves generated by thunderstorms

Physics

Scientific paper

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Electric Fields, Equatorial Atmosphere, Gravity Waves, Ionospheric Currents, Spread F, Thunderstorms, Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances, Annual Variations, Ionospheric Drift, Plasma Drift, Tropical Regions

Scientific paper

Seasonal and geographical structure variations of the equatorial spread-F (ESF) are explained by the coupling between the lower and the upper atmosphere, and statistical models are used to verify the supposition that the coupling mechanisms are atmospheric gravity waves (which result in traveling ionospheric disturbances) and/or electric fields generated by tropospheric convective storms. The responsible mechanisms are outlined: The gravity waves propagate to the ionosphere where they trigger or seed the premidnight ESF structures, and the thunderstorm-generated electric fields are superimposed on the ionospheric electric fields and modify the background conditions for irregularity generation. It is noted that convective activity is most pronounced in the intertropical convergence zone over the African and the South American continents. A model is presented of the seasonal and geographical variations of the tropical convection which generates the traveling ionospheric disturbances, explaining the seasonal and geographical variations of the premidnight ESF occurrence.

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