Physics – Nuclear Physics – Nuclear Experiment
Scientific paper
Apr 2006
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=2006phst..123......&link_type=abstract
Physica Scripta, Volume 123, Issue , pp. (2006).
Physics
Nuclear Physics
Nuclear Experiment
Scientific paper
Plasma, the fourth state of matter, is actually the first state of Nature. The great fireball, the Sun, entirely decides the existence of our tiny planet immersed in the ocean of cosmic plasma. Mankind has also learnt how to produce and use plasma under terrestrial conditions, though it is not at all easy to domesticate this unstable ionized medium.
Plasma finds countless applications that improve the quality of our daily life. Some of them, such as fluorescent light tubes, are so obvious to us that we do not give any thought to the processes underlying colourful neon signs. Another vast field is the production of materials with tailored-to-demand properties: mechanical, chemical, optical, electrical, magnetic, etc. Thin layers formed on solid surfaces by various plasma--material interactions play important roles in present-day computer technology, communication, space research, machinery and even many decorative items.
However, the most demanding challenge in using plasma is to harness on Earth the processes that power stars. The endeavour is to confine and stabilize hot plasmas and to achieve the ultimate goal: to benefit from the might of thermonuclear reactions for environmentally benign energy production. The goal is clear, as the demand for energy is unquestionable. But the challenges are also enormous. Two basic plasma confinement schemes have been explored: inertial (using ultra-strong laser pulses or ion beams), and magnetic confinement (using strong magnetic fields). Hot plasma must be maintained in a vacuum vessel. The temperature gradients between the plasma and the surrounding wall are probably the greatest in the Universe.
The history of fusion research began in the 1940s. Since then we have observed significant progress in fusion science and technology. We have come to the point when it has been decided to construct a reactor-class device. ITER International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor will be built by seven co-operating parties: the EU, Japan, Russia, the US, China, South Korea and India (as of March 2006). It will take several years to accomplish this important task. There is no doubt that the success depends not only on funding but also on enthusiastic people willing to contribute with their skills and knowledge. Young scientists and engineers must be enrolled to the programme and trained in various disciplines of fusion science and technology. There are various education schemes and work programmes. Organization of summer schools on fusion-related plasma physics is an important part of the training process. Several schools are organized annually or every second year in Europe.
Fusion-related science is so vast that it is impossible to cover all topics during an event lasting for one or two weeks. Therefore, each school has its distinctive features and focuses on a selected group of issues to be addressed in depth. This also applies to the Workshop and Summer School on Plasma Physics in Kudowa Zdrój (Poland) that, has been organised annually since 2001. It was initiated by Dr Marek Scholz with the help of his colleagues from the Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion (IPPLM) in Warsaw. The idea was to create a forum for students mainly from Eastern Europe to learn and discuss subjects in general plasma physics and dense magnetized media, predominantly in plasma focus devices.
Over the years the school has matured and created a clear profile. A unique feature has always been to accommodate in the programme not only tutorials delivered by invited senior scientists but also presentations prepared by the students.
In June 2005 the 5th Workshop and Summer School on Plasma Physics was held under the heading 'Towards Fusion Energy: Plasma Physics, Diagnostics, Applications'. There were 59 participants, including 44 students, coming from plasma physics and material research laboratories in 17 countries: Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Georgia, Iran, Italy, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russia, Singapore, Slovakia, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine and the United Kingdom. Thirteen invited speakers overviewed the history of fusion research (from early machines to the reactor concept) and state-of-the-art aspects of production and diagnosis of plasmas confined by intense laser and ion beams and magnetic fields. Radiative processes in dense magnetized plasma have also been presented. A series of tutorials emphasized issues related to plasma--material interactions, experience with various plasma facing materials, material testing and fusion technology. Global energy research and the fusion research programme were addressed in detail during a special evening lecture. There were twenty-eight oral contributions presented by students who covered a broad range of subjects related to theory, modelling, experiments and development and application of plasma diagnostic methods. Many of those tutorials and contributed papers are now published in this volume. We do hope that this collection of papers will be useful not only to students but also to professionals in plasma science.
The meeting was interesting and fruitful. It was also very pleasant, because not all the time was spent in the lecture room. Kudowa Zdrój is a charming all-year resort and spa situated in the south-west of Poland, just on the border with the Czech Republic. The location, in a dell surrounded by the beautiful old Sudeten Mountains, provides countess attractions for tourists. The erosion of rocks resulted in the creation of fantastic shapes worth visiting and admiring. The region has a very interesting history and many objects of splendid architecture: castles, fortresses and chapels including the Skull Chapel in Kudowa Zdrój. And the earth is rich in minerals such as coal, silver, gold, uranium (all nearly fully exploited) and a variety of gemstones. During every School there have been excursions to interesting sites. In the past it included mining of gold in Zloty R\'{o}g and black coal in Nowa Ruda. This time we had an unforgettable experience producing paper sheets ourselves in an old but still operational paper mill in the green enchanting spa of Duszniki Zdrój. A short intensive course in pottery handcraft was also offered to us in the Skansen. Hiking in the rocky labyrinth of Szczeliniec (please try to pronounce this name describing a magnificent cliffed hill with creviced rocks) was also a great adventure. This was followed by a ride on the serpentine Road of a Hundred Turns. And there was another event strongly supported by the local authorities. Two special tutorials on energy research and fusion for young scholars and the general public attracted nearly 200 people.
The School was financially supported by the International Centre for Dense Magnetised Plasmas at IPPLM, European Commission, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria), the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste (Italy) and the US Department of Energy. We would like to thank cordially our sponsors. Their financial support made it possible for a number of students and teachers to come to Kudowa Zdrój. We are very grateful to Dr Adam Ziembinski, the director of the spa in Kudowa, and his staff for the immense hospitality during our stay. We wish to thank Mr Czeslaw Krecichwost, the mayor of Kudowa Zdrój, for his strong support and interest in the School and help in organizing the lectures for scholars and residents of the region. And our most cordial thanks and gratitude go to Mr Ryszard Panfil for his great kindness, inexhaustible energy and organizational efficiency that helped all of us to enjoy the meeting. We thank all the participants for their contributions and we thank the reviewers of all submitted papers. Thank you for your hard work and co-operation. We are looking forward to the next school and all hope to meet again in Kudowa.
Marek Rubel, Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden Irena Ivanova-Stanik, Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Poland Ryszard Miklaszewski, Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Poland Marek Scholz, Institute of Plasma P
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