Delta-sunspots and X-class flares

Details Delta-sunspots and X-class flares Delta-sunspots and X-class flares

Jan 1994

adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1994soph..149..105s&link_type=abstract

Solar Physics (ISSN 0038-0938), vol. 149, no. 1, p. 105-118

Physics

20

Correlation, Flux Density, Solar Flares, Solar Magnetic Field, Solar X-Rays, Statistical Analysis, Sunspots, Astronomical Catalogs, Astronomical Photography, Magnetic Signatures, Polarity, Solar Cycles, Solar Observatories

Scientific paper

All delta-sunspots from September 1986 to December 1992 in solar cycle 22 are used to investigate the characteristics of delta-sunspots and the relationship between delta-sunspots and X-class X-ray flares. The main results of this statistic study are as follows. (1) The earlier discoveries on the formation and disintegration patterns of delta-sunspots (Tang. 1983; Zirin and Liggett, 1987; Zirin, 1988) are confirmed. In a general sense, all deta-sunspots form from the penetration of two different dipoles. Delta-sunspots could be disintegrated by in situ flux cancellation. In addition, some delta-sunspots become separated by the sliding apart of opposite polarities. (2) A prominent characteristic of delta-sunspots is the imbalanced flux between the two polarities. A samples of 58 delta-sunspots observed by the Solar Magnetic Field Telescope at Huairou, in which there are one or more X-class flares, maintains an average flux ratio of 6.6 between the majority and minority polarities. Unlike the early results of Tan (1983), two-third of them show a dominant flux from the preceding spots. (3) The number of delta-sunspots seems to be an index of solar activity. More than 95% of X-class X-ray flares take place in active regions of delta-sunspots; while 23% of delta-sunspots are generators of X-class X-ray flares. The productivity of X-class flares is closely correlated to the lifetime of delta-sunspots in this manner: Pxxf = -0.12 + 0.02 (Tdelta exp 2).

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