Physics – High Energy Physics – High Energy Physics - Theory
Scientific paper
2010-01-15
JCAP05(2010)030
Physics
High Energy Physics
High Energy Physics - Theory
12 pages, revised version
Scientific paper
10.1088/1475-7516/2010/05/030
It has been shown that Friedmann equation of FRW universe can be derived from the first law of thermodynamics in Einstein gravity, Gauss-Bonnet gravity, Lovelock gravity, scalar-tensor gravity and $f(R)$ gravity. Moreover, it was pointed out that the temperature of the apparent horizon can be obtained using the tunneling formalism for the corresponding observers defined by Kodama vector. In this article, we find that the energy flux through the apparent horizon can be determined by using the Kodama vector. This implies the fact that the Clausius relation and the first law of thermodynamics associated with the apparent horizon in FRW universe is relative to the Kodama observers.We illustrate the derivation of Friedmann equation, and also extend the study to the cases of Ho\v{r}ava-Lifshitz gravity and IR modified Ho\v{r}ava-Lifshitz gravity.
Cao Qiao-Jun
Chen Yi-Xin
Shao Kai-Nan
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