Physics – Popular Physics
Scientific paper
2009-05-04
Physics
Popular Physics
revtex4, 24 figures
Scientific paper
We systematically study the evolution of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) universe with a cosmological constant $\Lambda$ and a perfect fluid that has the equation of state $p=w\rho$, where $p$ and $\rho$ denote, respectively, the pressure and energy density of the fluid, and $w$ is an arbitrary real constant. Depending on the specific values of $w, \Lambda$ and the curvature $k$ of the 3-dimensional spatial space of the universe, we classify all the solutions into various cases. In each case the main properties of the evolution are studied in detail, including the periods of deceleration and/or acceleration, and the existence of big bang, big crunch, and big rip singularities. In some particular cases, the solutions reduce to those considered in some standard textbooks, where by some typos may be corrected. The methods used is simply the conservation law of kinetic and potential energies in classical mechanics, and undergraduate students can easily follow the analysis and apply it to the studies of other cosmological models of the universe.
Ha Te
Huang Yongqing
Ma Qianyu
Pechan Kristen D.
Renner Timothy J.
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