Computer Science – Numerical Analysis
Scientific paper
Dec 1994
adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?bibcode=1994e%26psl.128..169c&link_type=abstract
Earth and Planetary Science Letters (ISSN 0012-821X), vol. 128, no. 3-4, p. 169-182
Computer Science
Numerical Analysis
17
Boiling, Crustal Fractures, Geology, High Temperature Fluids, Massifs, Pakistan, Quartz, Topography, Fluid Flow, Himalayas, Hydrostatic Pressure, Numerical Analysis, Temperature Effects, Water Vapor
Scientific paper
The Nanga Parbat massif of northern Pakistan is currently undergoing rapid uplift (approx. 5-10 mm/a), resulting in near-surface elevated temperatures. Numerous quartz veins cut geologically young structures (less than 2 Ma), attesting to widespread young fluid flow. Fluid inclusions in quartz veins are predominantly low density water vapor (down to 0.05 mg/cu m), with some low density carbon dioxide vapor, and the fluid is predominantly meteoric in origin. Fluid inclusions provide evidence for boiling near to the critical points for water and for 5 wt% NaCl solution (up to 410 C). Head-driven meteoric water was convecting in fracture permeability under hydrostatic pressures which followed the boiling point-depth curve and near-boiling springs emanate from the surface. Hydrostatic pressures persisted to depths of about 6 km below the topographic surface, or near to sea level, where the brittle-ductile transition is inferred to lie. Numerical modeling of conductive heat flow in an area of high relief during rapid uplift indicates that the shape of the near-surface conductive geotherm is significantly influenced by topographic relief. Reasonable approximations for topgraphy at Nanga Parbat produce a conductive geotherm which implies high, near-surface geothermal gradients (greater than 100 C/km, and the isotherms describe a giant pillar of heat. Above about 4 km, fluid temperature is greater than conductive rock temperature in permeable zones which carry convecting boiling meteoric fluid.
Chamberlain Page C.
Craw Dave
Koons P. O.
Winslow Dustin
Zeitler P.
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