Physics – Quantum Physics
Scientific paper
2009-05-28
Physics
Quantum Physics
13 pages. Comments and suggestions very much appreciated. Extensively revised for submission to QIP 2010. Most recent version
Scientific paper
Birkhoff's Theorem states that doubly stochastic matrices are convex combinations of permutation matrices. Quantum mechanically these matrices are doubly stochastic channels, i.e. they are completely positive maps preserving both the trace and the identity. We expect these channels to be convex combinations of unitary channels and yet it is known that some channels cannot be written that way. Recent work has suggested that $n$ copies of a single channel might approximate a mixture (convex combination) of unitaries. In this paper we show that $n(n+1)/2$ copies of a symmetric unital quantum channel may be arbitrarily-well approximated by a mixture (convex combination) of unitarily implemented channels. In addition, we prove that any extremal properties of a channel are preserved over $n$ (and thus $n(n+1)/2$) copies. The result has the potential to be completely generalized to include non-symmetric channels.
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