40 years of whistlers

Physics

Scientific paper

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Magnetospheric Instability, Plasma Dynamics, Whistlers, Bibliographies, Energetic Particles, Frequency Response, Plasmasphere, Ray Tracing

Scientific paper

The history and present state of research on whistlers are reviewed. Systematic research in this field began in the 1920s, and led in the 1950s to the discovery of the magnetosphere. Since the early 1960s, satellite data have contributed immensely to the understanding of whistlers and related VLF phenomena, notably those involving interactions between whistler-mode waves and energetic particles. Artificial as well as natural whistler-mode waves have been used to study the distribution and dynamics of the magnetospheric plasma, as well as in the study of wave-particle interactions. Recently the latter phenomena have also been studied by direct injection of energetic particles into the ionosphere and magnetosphere from sounding-rockets. Nevertheless, many problems remain to be solved in years to come.

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