Ionospheric irregularities and radio scintillations

Physics

Scientific paper

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Ionospheric Disturbances, Ionospheric Propagation, Radio Stars, Satellite Transmission, Scintillation, Electron Flux Density, Ionospheric Electron Density, Magnetic Fields, Magnetohydrodynamic Stability, Radio Emission, Radio Frequencies, Stellar Radiation, Upper Atmosphere, Wave Propagation

Scientific paper

The role of ionospheric irregularities in the scintillation of radio waves transmitted through the ionosphere from radio stars and satellites is examined. Factors are reviewed which determine whether a radio wave will penetrate the ionosphere or be reflected from it, and it is shown how fluctuations of electron density will affect waves traversing the ionosphere. Essential features of the theory of radio-wave diffraction by the irregular ionosphere are outlined using the example of a radio star. Techniques for observing ionospheric scintillations and determining the shapes and sizes of ionospheric irregularities are described, and direct on-site observations by satellite probes are discussed. Possible causes of electron-density irregularities are briefly noted, including plasma instabilities, transfer of irregularities from below along magnetic-field lines, and ionization due to the influx of energetic charged particles near the auroral zones.

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